Mitral Valve Disease
Also known as: Mitral Regurgitation or Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Valve Disease refers to a group of conditions affecting the mitral valve, one of the four valves in the heart that regulates blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle. Mitral valve disease can manifest as either stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) of the valve.
Mitral stenosis occurs when the valve opening narrows, obstructing blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, while mitral regurgitation occurs when the valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. Mitral valve disease can impair heart function and circulation, leading to symptoms and complications if left untreated.
What are the symptoms of Mitral Valve Disease?
Symptoms of mitral valve disease may vary depending on the severity and type of valve dysfunction. Common symptoms may include:
Shortness of breath, especially during exertion or when lying flat.
Fatigue or weakness.
Palpitations (awareness of irregular heartbeat).
Chest pain or discomfort.
Swelling of the ankles, feet, or abdomen (edema).
Frequent cough, especially at night or when lying down.
Heart murmur, often detected during a physical examination.
How is Mitral Valve Disease diagnosed?
Diagnosing mitral valve disease typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests, and cardiac evaluations to assess valve function and severity of disease. Diagnostic assessments may include:
Echocardiogram:
This ultrasound test evaluates the structure and function of the heart, including the mitral valve, and can detect abnormalities such as valve stenosis, regurgitation, or prolapse.
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG):
This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can identify any abnormal heart rhythms or signs of heart muscle strain.
Chest X-ray:
This imaging test can assess the size and shape of the heart and detect any signs of heart enlargement or fluid buildup in the lungs.
Cardiac Catheterisation:
Invasive testing may be performed to measure pressure within the heart chambers and assess blood flow through the coronary arteries and heart valves.
How is Mitral Valve Disease treated?
Treatment for mitral valve disease aims to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve overall heart function. Treatment options may include:
Medications
Prescription medications to manage symptoms, control blood pressure, and prevent blood clots, including diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and anticoagulants.
Valve Repair or Replacement:
Surgical procedures may be recommended to repair or replace the diseased mitral valve, depending on the severity of valve dysfunction and individual patient factors. Surgical options include traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques such as transcatheter mitral valve repair or replacement.
Early diagnosis and appropriate management of mitral valve disease are essential for optimising outcomes and improving quality of life. Individuals experiencing symptoms suggestive of mitral valve disease should seek prompt medical evaluation for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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